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Ziyou asked, “Is it a courtesy to mourn a loving mother as if she were your own mother?” Confucius said, “It is not a courtesy. In ancient times, men had tutors outside and loving mothers inside, and they were appointed by the king to teach their children. Why should they wear mourning clothes? In the past, Duke Zhao of Lu lost his mother when he was young. He had a loving mother who was good. When her mother died, the duke could not bear to mourn her. He wanted to mourn her. The officials reported it to the king, who said, “According to the ancient etiquette, loving mothers should not be mourned. Now you are mourning for her. This is against the ancient etiquette and disrupts the laws of the country. If you carry it out, the officials will write it down and leave it to future generations. Isn’t it wrong!” The duke said, “In ancient times, the emperor wore a silk hat when he was at home. 'The Duke could not bear it, so he wore a white hat to mourn his beloved mother. The practice of mourning a beloved mother began with Duke Zhao of Lu. Zengzi asked, "When the princes meet the emperor, they cannot complete the ceremony when entering the door. How many of them are abolished?" Confucius said, "Four." Please ask. He said, "The great temple is on fire, the sun is eclipsed, the queen's funeral, and the rain soaks the clothes and makes them lose their appearance, then it is abolished. If all the princes are present and the sun is eclipsed, they will follow the emperor to put out the sun, and each will give his own weapons in his own color. If the great temple is on fire, they will follow the emperor to put out the fire, and will not give his own weapons in his own color." Zengzi asked, "When the princes meet, they bow and yield to each other when entering the door, and cannot complete the ceremony. How many of them are abolished?" Confucius said, "Six." Please ask. He said, "When the emperor dies, the great temple is on fire, the sun is eclipsed, the queen's funeral, and the rain soaks the clothes and makes them lose their appearance, then it is abolished." Zengzi asked, "When the emperor has offered sacrifices to the five sacrifices in the suburbs and the altars, the food and utensils have been laid out, and when the emperor dies, what should be done with the queen's funeral?" Confucius said, "Abolished. Zengzi asked, "When the sacrifice is to be made and the sun is eclipsed, and the Taimiao is on fire, what should be done with the sacrifice?" Confucius said, "Just follow the sacrifice. If the animal arrives but has not been killed, it is cancelled. When the emperor dies but has not been buried, the five sacrifices cannot be performed; after the funeral, the sacrifice is performed, the corpse is brought in, the three meals are not served, and the wine is not vinegared. From the opening to the return of the mourning, the five sacrifices cannot be performed; after the burial, the sacrifice is performed, the prayers are finished and the offerings are made." Zengzi asked, "When the princes offer sacrifices to the gods and grain, the sacrificial vessels and dishes are already laid out. What should they do when they hear of the death of the emperor, the mourning of the queen, the death of the king, or the mourning of the lady?" Confucius said, "Abolish it. From the death to the funeral, from the opening to the return of the mourning, they serve the emperor." Zengzi asked, "When the ministers offer sacrifices, the tripods and sacrificial vessels are laid out, and the dishes are set out, but the rituals cannot be completed. How many of them are cancelled?" Confucius said, "Nine. "Please ask. He said: "The death of the emperor, the mourning of the queen, the death of the monarch, the mourning of the lady, the fire of the monarch's grand temple, the solar eclipse, the three-year mourning, the mourning of Qisui and the great merit are all abolished. The mourning of the outside world from Qisui onwards is carried out. The sacrifice of Qisui is that the corpse is brought in, three meals are not served, and the wine is not made with vinegar. The great merit is just a vinegar. The small merit and mourning are just things in the room. The reason why scholars are different is that they do not offer sacrifices in mourning, and they offer sacrifices to the dead without wearing mourning clothes. "

Women's gifts include hazelnuts, dried fruits, dates, and chestnuts.

The sons of commoners who are in the royal family should be taught to be filial and respectful, friendly and loving, and to make clear the righteousness between father and son and the order of elders and juniors. When they go to the royal court, they should face east and go north; if they are ministers of high rank, they should be ranked according to their seniority. When they are in the outer court, they should be appointed by officials and officials. When they are in the ancestral temple, they should be in the same position as the outer court. The clan members should be given posts by titles and officials. When they are offered titles by offering sacrifices, they should be heirs. The sons of commoners should be in charge, and even if they have three orders, they should not exceed their fathers and elder brothers. When the royal family attends important events, they should be ranked according to the fineness and coarseness of their mourning clothes. Even when the royal family attends funerals, they should be ranked according to the host. If the royal family and their clansmen have a banquet, people of different surnames should be guests, and the chef should be the host. The royal family should be ranked according to their fathers and elder brothers. The clansmen should be one level lower. When they are in the army, they should guard the royal temple. If a duke has a policy of going out of the border, the concubines and the idle dukes shall guard the duke's palace, the wife shall guard the great temple, the fathers shall guard the noble palace and noble rooms, and the sons and grandsons shall guard the lower palace and lower rooms. The grandsons of the five temples, as long as the ancestral temple is not destroyed, even if they are commoners, must inform when they come of age and marry; they must go to the funeral when the deceased dies; they must inform when the auspicious ceremony is held. The clansmen shall be punished for whether they should offer condolences or not, or whether they should be exempted or not. As for the funeral gifts and inheritance, they shall all be regulated. If there is a capital crime in the duke's family, they shall be beheaded by the people of the Dian. If there is a criminal crime, they shall be fined and also informed by the people of the Dian. There is no castration or punishment in the duke's family. After the case is concluded, the officials shall report it to the duke. If it is a capital crime, they shall say "so-and-so's crime is a capital crime"; if it is a criminal crime, they shall say "so-and-so's crime is a minor crime". The Duke said, "Pardon him." The official said again, "He is in prison." The Duke said again, "Pardon him." The official said again, "He is in prison." After the third pardon, he refused to respond and ran away, and the people of Yudian were punished. The Duke sent people to chase him again, saying, "Even if it is, I will pardon him." The official said, "It is too late!" He returned the order to the Duke, who did not raise his plain clothes, but changed them, just like the mourning of his relatives. Without mourning clothes, he cried for him personally. The Duke's clan members attend the inner court, which is the family kinship. Although there are nobles, they are treated according to their seniority, which is to distinguish between father and son. The outer court is treated according to official positions, which is to distinguish between different surnames. In the ancestral temple, the position is based on the title, which is to honor virtue. The clan members are given official positions, which is to honor the virtuous. The successor who ascends the throne and receives the title is the way to honor the ancestors. The mourning rules are based on the severity of the mourning clothes, and do not deprive people of their relatives. When the Duke and his clansmen feast, they are based on seniority, and the way of filial piety and brotherhood is achieved. The food of his clansmen is reduced by one level for generations, which is to kill the relatives. In war, they defend the Duke's temple, which is to show the depth of filial piety and love. The wife of the first wife guards the great temple and honors the clan, and the way of the ruler and the minister is clear. The fathers and brothers guard the noble house, and the sons and nephews guard the lower house, and the way of yielding is reached. The grandchildren of the five temples, the ancestral temple is not destroyed, even if it is a commoner, when they come of age, they must inform their parents when they marry, and they must go to the death, so as not to forget their relatives. If the relatives are not severed, but they are ranked among the common people, they are lowly and incompetent. Respectfully mourning, attending and offering gifts are the way to make friends. In ancient times, when the sons of the common people were in power, the country had a relationship; when the country had a relationship, the people were well-off. The crimes of the royal family, even if they were relatives, were not punished by the officials. This is the correct method, so as to understand the people. Punishing those who hide their lives is not to worry about their brothers with the people. Not mourning, not mourning, crying in the temple of a different surname is to disgrace the ancestors and distance themselves. Wearing plain clothes and living outside, not listening to music, and mourning privately are to ensure that the relationship between flesh and blood is not severed. The royal family does not have castration, nor does it cut off its kind. The emperor inspects the school and sounds the drums at the beginning of the day to warn the people. After the people arrive, the Son of Heaven arrives. Then he orders the officials to act. He starts the ritual and offers sacrifices to the ancestors and sages. When the officials finish their work, they return the order. The beginning of care is to go to the East Sequence, offer sacrifices to the ancestors, and then set up seats for the three elders and five watches for the elders. When the food is good and the wine is good, the treasures for the elderly are ready; then they start to sing, and retreat to cultivate filial piety. When they return, they go up to the Qing Temple and sing, and after singing, they speak to complete it. They talk about the way of father and son, monarch and minister, and the old and the young, and combine the meaning of virtue and music, which is the greatest ritual. They play the "Xiang" and dance the "Da Wu". They unite the people to do things, reach the gods, and promote virtue. They correct the positions of the monarch and ministers, and the ranks of the noble and the humble, and the righteousness of the upper and lower levels is carried out. The officials report the end of the music, and the king orders the dukes, marquises, earls, sons, and men and all the officials to say, "Return! Take care of the elderly and the young in the East Sequence." It ends with benevolence. Therefore, when the sages recorded events, they considered them with great consideration, loved them with respect, carried them out with courtesy, cultivated them with filial piety, recorded them with righteousness, and ended them with benevolence. Therefore, when the ancients did something, everyone knew their virtues. The ancient gentlemen, when they did something big, must be careful about the beginning and the end, so how could everyone not understand it? "The Book of Changes" says: "Thinking about the beginning and the end is a discipline in learning."

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最新章节：不情之请（2025-03-13）

更新时间：2025-03-13