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Canghu

Ziyou asked, “Is it a courtesy to mourn a loving mother as if she were your own mother?” Confucius said, “It is not a courtesy. In ancient times, men had tutors outside and loving mothers inside, and they were appointed by the king to teach their children. Why should they wear mourning clothes? In the past, Duke Zhao of Lu lost his mother when he was young. He had a loving mother who was good. When her mother died, the duke could not bear to mourn her. He wanted to mourn her. The officials reported it to the king, who said, “According to the ancient etiquette, loving mothers should not be mourned. Now you are mourning for her. This is against the ancient etiquette and disrupts the laws of the country. If you carry it out, the officials will write it down and leave it to future generations. Isn’t it wrong!” The duke said, “In ancient times, the emperor wore a silk hat when he was at home. 'The Duke could not bear it, so he wore a white hat to mourn his beloved mother. The practice of mourning a beloved mother began with Duke Zhao of Lu. Zengzi asked, "When the princes meet the emperor, they cannot complete the ceremony when entering the door. How many of them are abolished?" Confucius said, "Four." Please ask. He said, "The great temple is on fire, the sun is eclipsed, the queen's funeral, and the rain soaks the clothes and makes them lose their appearance, then it is abolished. If all the princes are present and the sun is eclipsed, they will follow the emperor to put out the sun, and each will give his own weapons in his own color. If the great temple is on fire, they will follow the emperor to put out the fire, and will not give his own weapons in his own color." Zengzi asked, "When the princes meet, they bow and yield to each other when entering the door, and cannot complete the ceremony. How many of them are abolished?" Confucius said, "Six." Please ask. He said, "When the emperor dies, the great temple is on fire, the sun is eclipsed, the queen's funeral, and the rain soaks the clothes and makes them lose their appearance, then it is abolished." Zengzi asked, "When the emperor has offered sacrifices to the five sacrifices in the suburbs and the altars, the food and utensils have been laid out, and when the emperor dies, what should be done with the queen's funeral?" Confucius said, "Abolished. Zengzi asked, "When the sacrifice is to be made and the sun is eclipsed, and the Taimiao is on fire, what should be done with the sacrifice?" Confucius said, "Just follow the sacrifice. If the animal arrives but has not been killed, it is cancelled. When the emperor dies but has not been buried, the five sacrifices cannot be performed; after the funeral, the sacrifice is performed, the corpse is brought in, the three meals are not served, and the wine is not vinegared. From the opening to the return of the mourning, the five sacrifices cannot be performed; after the burial, the sacrifice is performed, the prayers are finished and the offerings are made." Zengzi asked, "When the princes offer sacrifices to the gods and grain, the sacrificial vessels and dishes are already laid out. What should they do when they hear of the death of the emperor, the mourning of the queen, the death of the king, or the mourning of the lady?" Confucius said, "Abolish it. From the death to the funeral, from the opening to the return of the mourning, they serve the emperor." Zengzi asked, "When the ministers offer sacrifices, the tripods and sacrificial vessels are laid out, and the dishes are set out, but the rituals cannot be completed. How many of them are cancelled?" Confucius said, "Nine. "Please ask. He said: "The death of the emperor, the mourning of the queen, the death of the monarch, the mourning of the lady, the fire of the monarch's grand temple, the solar eclipse, the three-year mourning, the mourning of Qisui and the great merit are all abolished. The mourning of the outside world from Qisui onwards is carried out. The sacrifice of Qisui is that the corpse is brought in, three meals are not served, and the wine is not made with vinegar. The great merit is just a vinegar. The small merit and mourning are just things in the room. The reason why scholars are different is that they do not offer sacrifices in mourning, and they offer sacrifices to the dead without wearing mourning clothes. "

Shake to know my heart

There are four seasons for sacrifice: spring sacrifice is called "礿", summer sacrifice is called "禘", autumn sacrifice is called "常", and winter sacrifice is called "朕". "礿" and "禘" are yang meanings; "常" and "朕" are yin meanings. "禘" is the prosperity of yang, and "常" is the prosperity of yin. Therefore, it is said that nothing is more important than "禘" and "常". In ancient times, during the sacrifice, the officials gave out titles and clothes, which was in accordance with the righteousness of the Yang. During the harvest, the officials gave out fields and towns, and issued autumn policies, which was in accordance with the righteousness of the Yin. Therefore, it is recorded: "On the day of harvest, the public office was given out to show the reward; the moxa was used as ink; before the autumn policies were issued, the people dared not to harvest." Therefore, it is said that the righteousness of the sacrifice and the harvest is great. It is the foundation of governing a country, and it is important not to be ignorant of it. The ruler is clear about the righteousness, and the minister is capable of his duties. If the ruler is not clear about the righteousness, he is not perfect; if he is not capable of his duties, he is not perfect as a minister. Righteousness is the way to help the will, and it is the manifestation of all virtues. Therefore, those whose virtues are strong have strong wills; those whose wills are strong have clear righteousness. Those whose righteousness is clear have respect in their sacrifices. If the sacrifices are respectful, then all the descendants of the family will dare not be disrespectful. Therefore, when a gentleman sacrifices, he must personally attend; if there is a reason, he can send others. Even if he sends others, the ruler does not lose his righteousness, because the ruler understands his righteousness. Those who are of low virtue and low ambition are doubtful about the righteousness and ask for sacrifices. If they are forced to be respectful, they cannot help it. If you offer sacrifices without respect, how can you be the parents of the people? The tripod has an inscription. The inscription is a self-name. The self-name is used to praise the goodness of the ancestors and to make it clear to future generations. Those who are ancestors have both good and bad things. The meaning of the inscription is to praise the good and not the bad. This is the heart of filial sons and grandsons. Only virtuous people can do this. The inscription is to discuss the virtues and goodness of the ancestors, their merits and achievements, and to celebrate and reward their reputations throughout the world and to use them as sacrificial vessels; to make a name for oneself and to worship the ancestors. To praise the ancestors is to honor filial piety. To compare oneself with them is obedience. To show future generations clearly is teaching. The inscription is to name them once and everyone above and below will benefit from it. Therefore, when a gentleman looks at the inscription, he should not only praise what is said, but also praise what is done. Those who do it, who are clear enough to see it, kind enough to give it, and knowledgeable enough to benefit it, can be called virtuous. Virtuous but not boastful, can be called respectful. Therefore, the inscription on the tripod of Kong Kui of Wei reads: On the 19th day of the sixth month, the Duke was in the Great Temple. The Duke said: "Uncle! This is the ancestor Zhuang Shu, who was on the left and right of Cheng Gong. Cheng Gong ordered Zhuang Shu to follow the refuge in Hanyang, and then to the palace in Zong Zhou, and ran without shooting. He told the right Xiang Gong. Xiang Gong ordered Cheng Shu to inherit the ancestors' clothes. This is the father of Wen Shu, who revived the old wishes of the elders, led the celebration of the people, and personally cared for the state of Wei. He was diligent in the public family, working day and night without rest, and the people all said: "Relax!" The Duke said: "Uncle! Let me engrave for you: If you inherit, you will be respected." Kui bowed his head and said: "I praised it to avoid it, and I was diligent in the great destiny of the Ding." This is the inscription on the tripod of Kong Kui of Wei. The ancient gentlemen discussed the virtues of their ancestors and made them clear to future generations. They compared themselves to themselves and valued their country like this. The descendants who guard the ancestral temples and the altars of the land and state, if their ancestors have no merits and praise them, it is a falsehood; if they have good things but do not know them, it is not clear; if they know them but do not pass them on, it is not benevolent. These three are what gentlemen are ashamed of. In the past, Duke Zhou had made great contributions to the world. After Duke Zhou died, King Cheng and King Kang remembered the merits of Duke Zhou and wanted to honor Lu, so they gave him a heavy sacrifice. The outer sacrifice is the suburban altar; the inner sacrifice is the great sacrifice. The great sacrifice, the song "Qingmiao" is sung in the upper part, and the "Xiang" is played in the lower part; the red stems and jade qi are used to dance "Dawu"; the eight-yi dance is used to dance "Daxia"; this is the music of the emperor. Duke Kang of Zhou, therefore, gave it to Lu. The descendants inherited it and it has not been abolished until now, so as to show the virtue of Duke Zhou and honor his country.

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