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In ancient times, teachers had private schools at home, schools in the community, and schools in the country. Students entered school at the same age and were examined in the middle of the year. In the first year, they were evaluated for their ability to distinguish between classics and aspirations; in the third year, they were evaluated for their dedication to work and their enjoyment of society; in the fifth year, they were evaluated for their extensive learning and their closeness to their teachers; in the seventh year, they were evaluated for their learning and their friendships. This was called small success; in the ninth year, they were evaluated for their ability to understand the categories and to be able to establish themselves firmly without turning back. This was called great success. Only then could they transform the people and change their customs, convince those who were close to them, and make those who were far away cherish their memory. This was the way of the university. The Records says, "The moths were taught from time to time." Is this what it means?
At the beginning of the university's teaching, the students wore leather caps and offered food as sacrifices to show respect for the way; the Xiaoya said that the students were taught at the beginning of the three years; they beat drums and boxes when they entered school to show their knowledge; the two things in summer and Chu were used to collect their power; they did not visit the school before the sacrifice to encourage their aspirations; they observed from time to time but did not speak to keep their minds; the young listened but did not ask questions, and did not skip grades in learning. These seven are the great principles of education. The Records says: "All students should first study, and scholars should first have ambitions." Is this what it means!
Zi Zhang asked: "The Book of Documents says: 'Emperor Gaozong did not speak for three years, and he was happy when he spoke.' Is it true?" Zhongni said: "Why is it not true? In ancient times, when the emperor died, the crown prince listened to the prime minister for three years."
The great officials of various countries, when entering the emperor's country, call themselves the so-and-so scholar; they call themselves the accompanying minister so-and-so. They call themselves the son outside, and the old man of the widowed monarch in their own country. The envoy calls himself so-and-so. The emperor does not speak out, and the princes do not give names.
Zishang did not mourn when his mother died. His disciples asked Zisi, “Did your ancestors mourn their mothers?” He said, “Yes”. “Why did you not let Bai mourn?” Zisi said, “My ancestors did not lose the way; when the way was high, they followed the way; when the way was low, they followed the way. How could Ji do that? Those who marry Ji are Bai’s mother; those who do not marry Ji are not Bai’s mother.” Therefore, the Kong family did not mourn their mothers when their mothers died, starting with Zisi.
Confucian scholars are entrusted with money and drowned in pleasure. They do not lose their righteousness when they see profit; they are robbed by people and discouraged by soldiers. They do not change their principles when they see death; they are like prey and insects, not brave, and they do not consider their strength when they pull heavy tripods; they do not regret the past and do not worry about the future; they do not repeat their mistakes and do not spread rumors; they do not break their power and do not practice their plans. There are such people who are unique.
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