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Zigong asked Confucius, "May I ask why gentlemen value jade and despise enamel? Is it because jade is scarce and enamel is plentiful?" Confucius said, "It is not because enamel is plentiful that they despise it, but because jade is scarce that they value it. In the past, gentlemen compared virtues to jade: warm and moist, it is benevolence; meticulous and fine, it is knowledge; incorruptible but not sharp, it is righteousness; hanging like a string, it is courtesy; knocking, the sound is clear and long, and it bends at the end, it is music; flaws do not cover the beauty, and beauty does not cover the flaws, it is loyalty; trustworthiness is everywhere, it is trustworthiness; aura is like a white rainbow, it is heaven; spirit is seen in mountains and rivers, it is earth; jade is outstanding, it is virtue. What is valued by all in the world is the Tao. The Book of Songs says, 'When I think of a gentleman, he is as warm as jade.' Therefore, gentlemen value it."
When floods come, do not offer fish and turtles. If you offer birds, brush their heads; if you keep birds, do not brush them. Those who offer chariots and horses hold the whip and reins, those who offer armor hold the helmet, and those who offer a staff hold the end. Those who offered captives as tribute held their right sleeves. Those who offer millet hold the right contract, and those who offer rice hold the measuring drum. Whoever offers food should hold the sauce. Those who offer land and houses should do so in writing.
The fields of the emperor are a thousand li square, the fields of dukes and marquises are a hundred li square, the fields of earls are seventy li square, and the fields of viscounts and barons are fifty li square. Those who cannot cover fifty li square are not worthy of the emperor, and are attached to the princes as vassals. The fields of the three dukes of the emperor are regarded as dukes and marquises, the fields of the ministers of the emperor are regarded as earls, the fields of the great officials of the emperor are regarded as viscounts and barons, and the fields of the prime ministers of the emperor are regarded as vassals.
The rules: The emperor uses "Zou Yu" as the rules; the princes use "Li Shou" as the rules; the ministers use "Cai Ping" as the rules; and the scholars use "Cai Fan" as the rules. "Zou Yu" means that the music officials are prepared, "Li Shou" means that the music meets at the right time, "Cai Ping" means that the music follows the law, and "Cai Fan" means that the music does not fail to perform its duties. Therefore, the emperor uses the preparation of officials as the rules; the princes use the right time to meet the emperor as the rules; the ministers use the law as the rules; and the scholars use the not failing to perform their duties as the rules. Therefore, if you are clear about your intentions and do not make mistakes, you will achieve success and establish your virtue. If you establish your virtue, there will be no disasters of violence and rebellion. Success means peace. Therefore, it is said that archery is a way to observe great virtue.
The Buddhist scriptures believe that by cultivating the spirit, one can become a sage. Jian Wen said: "I don't know if I can reach the pinnacle of achievement. However, the merits of training cannot be denied."
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