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Qing Dynasty Story

A gentleman knows the reasons why teaching is flourishing and the reasons why teaching is abolished, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the gentleman's teaching is to guide but not to force, to force but not to suppress, and to open but not to reach. If you follow the way but don't force it, you will be harmonious; if you are strong but don't suppress it, you will be easy; if you open but don't reach it, you will think; harmony and ease with thinking can be called good metaphor.

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In the past, Confucius and the wax guests were together. After the event, they went out to the pavilion and sighed. Confucius sighed, probably sighing for Lu. Yan Yan, who was standing by, said: "Why do you sigh, gentleman?" Confucius said: "The practice of the great way, with the heroes of the three dynasties, I have not yet reached them, but I have the ambition to do so." The practice of the great way makes the world public. Select the virtuous and the capable, talk about trust and cultivate harmony, so that people not only love their relatives and their children, but also make sure that the old have a place to live, the strong have a place to work, the young have a place to grow, and the widowed, lonely, disabled and sick are all taken care of. Men have their share, and women have their home. Goods are not worth throwing away, so they don't have to keep them for themselves; strength is not worth using, so it doesn't have to be used for oneself. Therefore, plots are closed and not raised, thefts and riots are not committed, and the outer doors are not closed. This is called the Great Harmony. Now that the great way is hidden, the world is like a family. Everyone loves his relatives and his children. He uses his goods and strength for himself. The great people follow the etiquette of the generations. The city walls, ditches and ponds are used as a defense, and the etiquette and righteousness are used as a discipline; to correct the relationship between the ruler and the minister, to be loyal to the father and son, to be harmonious with the brothers, to be harmonious with the husband and wife, to establish the system, to establish the fields, to be virtuous, brave and knowledgeable, and to take credit for one's achievements. Therefore, plots are made from this, and wars are raised from this. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, King Cheng, and Duke Zhou were selected from this. There is no one among these six gentlemen who does not observe etiquette. To show the righteousness, to test the trustworthiness, to show the faults, to punish the kind and to encourage the yielding, to show the people that there is a constant. If there are those who do not follow this, those in power will leave, and the people will think it is a disaster. This is called the well-off society. Yan Yan asked again, "Is this why etiquette is so urgent?" Confucius said, "Etiquette is what the ancient kings used to follow the way of heaven and to govern people's emotions. Therefore, those who lose it die, and those who obtain it live. The Book of Songs says, 'The mouse has a body, but man is without etiquette; if man is without etiquette, why don't he die quickly?' Therefore, etiquette must be based on heaven, rubbed on earth, listed in ghosts and gods, and applied to funerals, sacrifices, archery, weddings, and marriages. Therefore, the sages showed it with etiquette, so that the world and the country can be rectified." Yan Yan asked again, "Master, what you said about rituals, can I hear them?" Confucius said, "I wanted to observe the way of Xia, so I went to Qi, but it was not enough to prove it; I got the time of Xia there. I wanted to observe the way of Yin, so I went to Song, but it was not enough to prove it; I got Kun and Gan there. The meaning of Kun and Gan, the same as the time of Xia, I observe it in this way." At the beginning of rituals, they started with food and drink. They burned millet and ate pork, stained the cups and drank from them, beat drums with sticks, as if they could show respect to ghosts and gods. When they died, they climbed up the roof and cried, saying, "Gao! So-and-so is back." Then they ate fishy food and ate sorghum. Therefore, when the sky looks up and the earth hides, the body and soul descend, and the spirit is above. Therefore, the dead head north and the living face south, all in accordance with the beginning. In the past, the ancient kings did not have palaces. In winter, they lived in caves and in summer, they lived in nests. Before the invention of fire, people ate the fruits of plants and trees, the flesh of birds and beasts, drank their blood, and ate their fur. Before there was hemp and silk, people wore feathers and skins. Later, when sages came into being, they improved the benefits of fire, molded gold and mixed earth to build terraces, palaces, windows and doors, and used them for cannon fire, burning, roasting and roasting to make sweet and cheese; processed hemp and silk to make cloth, to nourish the body and send off the dead, to serve ghosts, gods and God, all in accordance with the beginning of the year. Therefore, dark wine is in the room, sweet wine is in the door, rice and milk are in the hall, and clear wine is in the room. They display their sacrifices, prepare their tripods and sacrificial vessels, arrange their zithers, pipes, chimes, bells and drums, and perform their prayers to bring down the gods and ancestors. This is to rectify the relationship between the ruler and the minister, to strengthen the father and son, to reconcile brothers, to make the upper and lower equal, and to make husband and wife have something. This is called receiving the blessing from heaven. Make a prayer, offer dark wine as sacrifice, offer blood and hair, smear the sacrificial table, prepare the meat, and place the feast on the table. Use thin cloth to cover the table, cover the washed silk, offer wine and wine, offer roasted meat, and the king and his wife offer sacrifices to cheer the souls. This is called Hemo. Then retreat and Heheng, and feel the dogs, pigs, cattle and sheep, and fill the food containers, dishes, and soups. Pray with filial piety and sing with kindness. This is called Daxiang. This is the great achievement of ritual.

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When a king enters the door, he should brush the doorway, and a senior official should stand between the middle and the middle of the doorway, and a scholar should brush the doorway. Guests should not enter the middle of the door or step on the threshold. Public affairs should be conducted from the west of the doorway, and private affairs should be conducted from the east of the doorway. When a king and a corpse walk together, a senior official should follow the steps, and a scholar should walk in the middle. When walking slowly, they should all follow this. When walking quickly, one should not move his hands or feet, and a pig in a circle should not lift its feet, but should move in unison like a stream. The same is true for those at the table. When walking upright, one's chin should flow like an arrow, and when walking with a hat on, one should lift his shoes and hold a tortoise shell, lift his front and drag his heels, and walk slowly. When walking, one should be in a state of dignified and orderly manner, and the temple should be in a state of mingled and the court should be full of people. The gentleman's face is relaxed and slow, and he is respectful when he sees someone he respects. His feet are heavy, his hands are respectful, his eyes are upright, his mouth is still, his voice is quiet, his head is straight, his aura is solemn, his posture is virtuous, his expression is solemn, he sits like a corpse, and when he is at home, he is warm and gentle. When offering sacrifices, his face and color are as if he sees the person he is offering sacrifices to. His expression is full of sorrow, his expression is dazed, his eyes are agitated, his speech is cocooned, his expression is fierce, his speech is rude, his expression is stern, and his eyes are clear. His appearance is clear, he is humble but not flattering, his head and neck must be in the right place, he stands upright and walks in time, his aura is full and solid, and his complexion is elegant. When referring to oneself: the emperor says "I am the only one", the baron says "the emperor's powerful minister". The princes say to the emperor "the minister who guards such and such a land", and those in the border towns say "the minister who protects such and such a land". Those who are inferior to the enemy say "I am the one", the ruler of a small country says "I am the only one", and those who are exiled also say "I am the only one". The senior officials are called lower ministers, and those who are banished are called the widowed monarch's elders. The junior officials name themselves, and those who are banished are called the widowed officials. The crown prince names himself, and those who are banished are called the widowed monarch's suitable ones. The princes are called the ministers of the ministers. The scholars are called the ministers of ... The country of the eight barbarians is outside the south gate, facing north and going east. The country of the six Rong is outside the west gate, facing east and going south. The country of the five Di is outside the north gate, facing south and going east. The country of the nine Cai is outside the Ying Gate, facing north and going east. The four barriers are there, and the world is here. This is the location of the Mingtang of Duke Zhou. The Mingtang is to clarify the nobility and inferiority of the princes.