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Jing Fang discussed with Emperor Yuan of Han, and asked the emperor: "Why did the rulers of You and Li fall? Who did they appoint?" The emperor replied: "They appointed disloyal people." Fang said: "Why did they appoint people knowing they were disloyal?" The emperor replied: "The rulers of the fallen countries all appointed their ministers with virtue. How could they appoint people knowing they were disloyal?" Fang bowed his head and said: "I am afraid that the way we look at the past today is the same as the way people in the future look at the present."
When the emperor is about to offer sacrifices, he must first practice archery in the marsh. The marsh is where the men are selected. After shooting in the marsh, he can shoot in the archery palace. Those who hit the target can participate in the sacrifice; those who miss the target cannot participate in the sacrifice. Those who cannot participate in the sacrifice will be given a concession and their land will be reduced; those who can participate in the sacrifice will be celebrated and their land will be increased. This is how the rank is promoted and the land is reduced.
There was a great famine in Qi, and Qian Ao prepared food on the road for the hungry to eat. A hungry man came in a hurry with his sleeves and shoes covered. Qian Ao held food in his left hand and drink in his right hand, saying, "Come and eat." He looked at him with his eyes wide open, and said, "I only don't eat food brought by whining, so I have come to this." Then he thanked him; he died without eating. Zengzi heard about it and said, "Is it not true? His whining can be left, and his apology can be eaten."
King Wen of Jin praised Ruan Sizong as extremely cautious. Whenever he spoke to him, his words were profound and far-reaching, and he never praised or criticized anyone.
Lord Xie asked Wang Zijing, "How is your calligraphy compared to that of your father?" He replied, "Of course they are different." Lord Xie said, "Outsiders may say otherwise." The king said, "How can outsiders know?"
All the rituals for offering sacrifices to the ancestral temple: cattle are called Yiyuan Dawu, pigs are called Ganglie, pigs are called 腯肥, sheep are called Roumao, chickens are called Hanyin, dogs are called Gengxian, pheasants are called Shuzhi, rabbits are called Mingshi, dried meat is called Yinji, dried fish is called Shangji, fresh fish is called Xianji, water is called Qingdi, wine is called Qingzhuo, millet is called Xianghe, sorghum is called Xiangqi, millet is called Mingji, rice is called Jiashu, leek is called Fengben, salt is called Xianyan, jade is called Jiayu, and currency is called Liangbi.
The Master said: “In the past, the wise kings of the Three Dynasties all worshipped the gods of heaven and earth, and used divination. They did not dare to use their private interests to disrespect the gods. Therefore, they did not violate the sun and the moon, and did not violate divination. Divination does not follow each other. Big events have their dates; small events have no dates, but divination. External events use hard days, internal events use soft days. They do not violate the tortoise shells. ”The Master said: “Sacrifices, rituals and music are all prosperous, so there is no harm to the gods and ghosts, and no resentment from the people.”The Master said: “The sacrifices of Hou Ji are easy to be rich; his words are respectful, his desires are frugal, and his salary is passed on to his descendants. The Book of Songs says: ‘Hou Ji’s omen sacrifices, and the people have no guilt and regret, and this has continued to this day. ’”The Master said: “The great man’s instrument is awe-inspiring. The Son of Heaven does not use divination; the princes have divination. The Son of Heaven uses divination for the way; the princes do not use divination for countries other than their own. Divination for the house and bedroom. The Son of Heaven does not use divination for the great temple. ” Confucius said: “A gentleman is respectful and uses sacrificial vessels. Therefore, he does not abandon the sun and the moon, does not violate the tortoise shells and divination, and respectfully serves his ruler. In this way, the superiors do not disrespect the people, and the inferiors do not disrespect the superiors.”
Even if there are delicious dishes, if you don't eat them, you don't know their taste; even if there are the ultimate truth, if you don't learn it, you don't know its goodness. Therefore, only after learning can you know your shortcomings, and only after teaching can you know your difficulties. Knowing your shortcomings, you can reflect on yourself; knowing your difficulties, you can strengthen yourself. Therefore, it is said that teaching and learning complement each other. "The Book of Changes" says: "Learning is half done." Is this what it means!
The general principles of all rituals are to follow the heaven and earth, follow the four seasons, follow the yin and yang, and follow human nature, so they are called rituals. Those who criticize them do not know where rituals come from. Rituals, good and bad, are different, and cannot be interrelated, which is derived from yin and yang. There are four rules for mourning, which change according to the situation, which is derived from the four seasons. There are grace, reason, moderation, and power, which are derived from human nature. Grace is benevolence, reason is righteousness, moderation is ritual, and power is knowledge. Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom are all human nature.
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