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The Taoist priest sitting high up did not speak Chinese. When someone asked him what he meant by this, he replied in a simple way: "It is troublesome to answer in a simple way."
In mourning, one should only look at the deceased but not answer; in mourning of the same age, one should answer but not speak; in mourning of the great merit, one should speak but not discuss; in mourning of the minor merit, one should discuss but not enjoy music. This is the expression of grief in speech.
Ritual is to the right state: it is like a scale to weight, a ruler to straightness, and a compass to squareness. Therefore, if the scale is honestly hung, it cannot be deceived by the weight; if the ruler is honestly laid out, it cannot be deceived by the crookedness; if the rules are honestly set up, it cannot be deceived by the squareness and roundness; a gentleman examines the rites and cannot be accused of treachery. Therefore, those who respect the rites and follow the rites are called the gentlemen with the rules; those who do not respect the rites and do not follow the rites are called the people without the rules. It is the way of respect and yielding. Therefore, when serving the ancestral temple, one is respectful; when entering the court, the noble and the humble have their positions; when living at home, the father and son are close and the brothers are harmonious; when living in the village, the elders and the young are in order. Confucius said: "To settle the state and govern the people, nothing is better than rites." This is what he meant.
The prime minister controls the state expenditures, and he must do so at the end of the year, when all the grains have been harvested. The size of the land used depends on the harvest and loss of the year. The state expenditures are controlled based on the general situation of thirty years, and the expenditures are calculated according to the income, and the number of sacrifices is calculated. In mourning, there is no sacrifice for three years, and only sacrifices to heaven, earth, and the altar of grain are performed. The mourning period is three years. In funerals and sacrifices, if the expenditure is insufficient, it is called excessive; if the expenditure is sufficient, it is called lavish. In sacrifices, do not be extravagant in good years and do not be frugal in bad years. A country without nine years of reserves is called insufficient; without six years of reserves, it is called urgent; without three years of reserves, it is not a country. Three years of farming will ensure one year of food; nine years of farming will ensure three years of food. With thirty years of peace, even if there is a disaster, drought or flood, and the people have no vegetables, then the emperor will eat and celebrate every day.
When Sun Zijing was young, he wanted to retire, and told Wang Wuzi, "I should use the stone as my pillow and rinse my mouth with stream", but he mistakenly said "rinse my mouth with the stone and use my pillow with stream". The king asked, "Can I use the stream as a pillow, or the stone as a rinse?" Sun replied, "I use the stream as a pillow to wash my ears, and I use the stone as a rinse to sharpen my teeth."
In all sacrifices, there are those that should be abolished and no one dares to perform them, and there are those that should be performed and no one dares to abolish them. Offering sacrifices that are not what they should be is called lewd sacrifices. Lewd sacrifices bring no blessings. The emperor offers sacrificed cattle, the princes offer fat cattle, the officials offer oxen, and the scholars offer sheep and pigs. If the sons of the branches do not offer sacrifices, the sons of the clan must be informed of the sacrifices.
Meng Xianzi said, "On the first day of the first month, you can do things to the God; on the seventh day of the seventh month, you can do things to the ancestors." The seventh month is the day of sacrifice, and Xianzi did it. The wife did not ask the emperor for a favor, starting from Duke Zhao of Lu. The wife of the king in the outer clan is the same as the inner clan.
Therefore, only after the behaviors of filial piety, brotherhood, loyalty and obedience are established, can one be a man; only after being a man can one govern others. Therefore, the sage kings valued etiquette. Therefore, it is said that the cap is the beginning of etiquette and the most important thing for good things. Therefore, the ancients valued the cap; the cap was performed in the temple; the temple was performed to respect things; respect things and dare not take the initiative to do things; do not take the initiative to do things, so they humble themselves and respect the ancestors.
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