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The villagers, scholars, and gentlemen are respected between the houses, and the host and the guest share it. The cup contains dark wine, and its quality is valued. Shame comes out of the east room, and the host and the guest share it. The host should wash in the east, so that he can clean himself and serve the guests.
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最新章节:势不可挡,应变很强(2025-03-13)
更新时间:2025-03-13
All three kings must teach the crown prince with rituals and music. Music is used to cultivate the inner self; rites are used to cultivate the outer self. Rites and music interweave within and manifest themselves in the outer self. Therefore, the result is joy, respect, and gentleness. The establishment of a great tutor and a junior tutor to raise the child is to make him know the way of father and son, and the way of the ruler and his subjects. The great tutor examines the way of father and son, and the way of the ruler and his subjects and shows it to him; the junior tutor serves the crown prince to observe the virtues of the great tutor and to teach him. The great tutor is in front, and the junior tutor is in the back; when entering, there is a guardian, and when leaving, there is a teacher. This is how virtue is cultivated through teaching and teaching. A teacher is one who teaches and teaches virtues through things; a guardian is one who is careful in his own conduct to assist and guide him and return to the way. The Records says: "In the Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, there were teachers and guardians, and there were ministers." Four assistants and three dukes were set up. They were not necessarily appointed, but only the right people were appointed. It is said that the gentleman is capable. When virtue is established, teaching is respected, teaching is respected, and officials are upright, and officials are upright, and the country is governed. This is what a monarch is. Zhongni said: "In the past, when the Duke of Zhou was regent, he took the throne and ruled. He followed the example of Boqin, so that he could help King Cheng. I heard that: If a minister sacrifices his own life to benefit the monarch, he will do it. How much more so, if he sacrifices his own life to benefit the monarch? The Duke of Zhou did it well!" Therefore, only when you know how to be a son can you be a father; only when you know how to be a minister can you be a monarch; only when you know how to serve people can you lead people. King Cheng was young and could not take the throne. If he was the crown prince, he would not be able to do anything. Therefore, the crown prince followed the example of Boqin and made him live with King Cheng, so that King Cheng would know the righteousness of father and son, monarch and minister, and elder and younger. The monarch is close to the crown prince as a father and respects him as a monarch. Only when you have the closeness of a father and the respect of a monarch can you control the world. Therefore, you must be careful when raising the crown prince. The only one who can achieve three good things by doing one thing is the crown prince. This is what it means to be a good scholar. Therefore, when the crown prince is in school, the people of the country look at it and ask: "Why do you give me the throne and let me have the same age?" He said: "When the father is around, it is polite, but everyone knows the way of father and son." The second question is: "Why do you give me the throne and let me have the same age?" He said: "When the king is around, it is polite, but everyone is obsessed with the righteousness of the king and the minister." The third question is: "Why do you give me the throne and let me have the same age?" He said: "The elder is the elder, but everyone knows the distinction between the elder and the younger." Therefore, when the father is here, he is the son, and when the king is here, he is the minister. The distinction between son and minister is to respect the king and love relatives. Therefore, learn to be a father and son, learn to be a king and a minister, learn to be the elder and the younger. The way of father and son, king and minister, and the elder and the younger is obtained, and the country is governed. There is a saying: "The music is in charge of the industry, the father and the teacher are in charge of the completion. If there is a good person, all nations will be loyal." This is what the crown prince means. Duke Zhou ascended the throne.
When Emperor Wu of Wei went to fight Yuan Benchu, he was preparing equipment and found dozens of bushels of bamboo strips left over, all several inches long. Everyone said they were unusable, so he ordered them to be burned. Taizu thought about how to use it and said it could be used as a bamboo shield, but he did not make his words public. He sent an envoy to ask the chief clerk Yang Dezuo. He answered immediately, sharing the same thought as the emperor. Everyone was amazed by his eloquence.
When Shan Gong met Ji and Ruan, they became close friends. Shan's wife, Han, noticed that the relationship between the Duke and the other two was different from usual, so she asked the Duke about it. The Duke said, “The only two men I could be friends with in those days were these two!” His wife said, “Fu Ji’s wife also watched Hu and Zhao in person and wanted to spy on them. Is that okay?” The next day, the two men came, and his wife advised the Duke to stay with them for the night and prepared some wine and meat. I climbed through the wall at night to look at it, and forgot to return until dawn. The Duke came in and asked, "What do you think of these two?" His wife said, "Your talent is far inferior to mine. We should just be friends because of our understanding." The Duke said, "They also always think I am better than them in understanding."
An old friend of Confucius was Yuanrang. When his mother died, Confucius helped her wash the coffin. Yuanrang climbed a tree and said, "It has been a long time since I have trusted music." The song went, "The spotted head of a raccoon, holding the curled hand of a woman." Confucius passed by as someone who did not hear it. The follower said, "Can't you stop?" Confucius said, "I have heard that relatives should not lose their relatives, and the old ones should not lose their old ones."
When the wife is about to give birth to a child, and the month is coming, she will live in the side room. The husband will send someone to ask her twice a day. She will get up and ask herself. The wife dare not see her. She will ask her mother to dress and answer. When the child is born, the husband will send someone to ask her twice a day. The husband will not enter the side room when he is ready. When the child is born, men will set up bows on the left side of the door, and women will set up veils on the right side of the door. After three days, they will start to carry the child. Men will shoot women. When the king's heir is born, he will inform the king and receive a large sacrifice. The butler will be in charge of the preparations. After three days, the fortune teller will carry the child. The lucky person will stay outside the bedroom door in the morning clothes. The poet will carry the child and shoot people with mulberry bows and six arrows. Shoot the four directions of heaven and earth. The butler will carry the child. The butler will carry the child and give him a bundle of silk. The fortune teller's wife and the official's concubine will feed the child. Whenever a child is received, a day is chosen. For a child born in the twelfth month, a large sacrifice is given. For common people, a pig is given. For scholars, a pig is given. For officials, a small sacrifice is given. For the prince's son, a large sacrifice is given. For those who are not born in the twelfth month, the sacrifice is reduced by one level. The child is placed in a room in the palace. From the various mothers and suitable ones, the one who is generous, kind, gentle, respectful, cautious and taciturn is selected to be the child's teacher. The next best is the loving mother. The next best is the nanny. They all live in the child's room. Others do not go there unless there is something to do. At the end of March, a day is chosen to cut the hair into a bun. The boy's hair is tied in a corner and the girl's hair is tied in a bun. Otherwise, the boy's hair is tied on the left and the girl's hair is tied on the right. On this day, the wife presents the child to the father. The nobles dress the children. From the officials and below, everyone washes their hair. Men and women get up early, bathe, dress, and prepare food for the first day of the month. The husband enters the room and ascends the steps to the east. He stands in the west of the east. The wife holds the child out of the room and stands in front of the lintel facing east. The mother-in-law said, "Mother, I dare not use the time to see the child." The husband replied, "The emperor has a general." The father held the son's right hand, coughed and named him. The wife replied, "I have written it down." Then he turned his left hand back and gave it to the teacher. The son's teacher told the names of all the wives and mothers, and the wife went to bed. The husband told the name of the prime minister, and the prime minister told the names of all the men. They wrote: "Born on such and such a day in such and such a year." Then they hid it. The prime minister told the village historian. The village historian wrote two books, one of which was hidden in the village government and the other was presented to the state historian. The state historian presented it to the state earl, and the state earl ordered it to be hidden in the state government. The husband went to eat as if he was raising a child. When the prince was born, the king bathed and dressed in court clothes, and the wife did the same. They all stood on the west side of the steps. The wife of the prince held the child and went up from the west steps. The king named him and then went down. When the son and the concubine met in the outer bedroom, they stroked their heads and coughed and named them. The etiquette was the beginning of the general, and there was no remark. In naming a son, one should not use the date or month, state or hidden illness as the name; the son of an official or scholar should not have the same name as the crown prince. When a concubine is about to give birth to a son, and the month and day are up, the husband should have someone ask about it every day. At the end of the third month, the son should wash his head and get ready in the morning, and be seen in the inner bedroom, with the same etiquette as when he first enters the room. After the king has finished eating, he should be allowed to eat before entering the palace. When a son of a duke or a concubine is born, he should go to a concubine's room. At the end of the third month, his mother should bathe and wear court clothes and go to the king. The banished son should go to the king with his son, and the king should give him a name according to the king's gifts. If there are multiple sons, the officials should name them. If a commoner does not have a concubine, and the month and day are up, the husband should go out to live in the group room, and the way he asks about his son should be the same as the way a son goes to his father. When the father is alive, the grandson should go to the grandfather, and the grandfather should also name him, with the same etiquette as a son goes to his father, without any excuse. A son who feeds his son should go out after three years, and if he is seen in the palace of the duke, he should be punished. The son of an official should feed his mother, and the wife of a scholar should raise her son herself. The sons of officials above the rank of a rank and above, and of officials, are to be seen every ten days. When a son of a family is seen before he has eaten, he must hold his right hand. When a son of a concubine is seen after he has eaten, he must touch his head. When a son can eat, he is taught to eat with his right hand. When a son can speak, he is only allowed to hold his right hand, while a son is allowed to hold his right hand. A son is allowed to wear a leather belt, while a daughter is allowed to wear a silk belt. At the age of six, he is taught the numbers and names of the directions. At the age of seven, men and women are not allowed to sit at the same table, nor to eat together. At the age of eight, when they enter and leave the house or eat at a table, they must follow the elders, and they are taught to yield. At the age of nine, they are taught for several days. At the age of ten, they are to go out to a tutor, live and sleep outside, learn to write and calculate, wear a silk jacket or trousers, and learn the etiquette of the young day and night. Please study and understand. At the age of thirteen, they learn music, recite the Book of Songs, and dance the Spoon. When they become children, they dance the Elephant, and learn archery and charioteering. At the age of twenty, they are allowed to wear fur and silk, dance the Great Summer, and practice filial piety and brotherhood. They are knowledgeable but not taught, and stay at home. At the age of thirty, they are allowed to have a wife, and they are allowed to manage male affairs. They are knowledgeable but have no method, and their grandchildren look at their ambitions. At forty, one begins to serve in the government. One must make plans and consider the situation. If one agrees with the way, one must obey. If one disagrees, one must leave. At fifty, one must be appointed as a senior official and serve in the government. At seventy, one must start work. All men worship with the left hand. For a girl who has not been out for ten years, her mother will teach her to be gentle and obedient. She must handle hemp and linen, process silk cocoons, weave ropes, learn women's affairs, share clothes, watch sacrifices, offer wine, food, and pickles, and help with offerings. At fifteen, she comes of age. At twenty, she gets married. If she has a wife, she gets married at twenty-three. If she marries, she becomes a wife. If she runs away, she becomes a concubine. All women worship with the right hand.
Zengzi asked, "When the eldest son of the clan is a scholar and the son of a concubine is a senior official, how should they perform the sacrifice?" Confucius said, "The above animals are offered at the home of the eldest son of the clan. The prayer is: 'The filial son so-and-so will recommend the Jie son so-and-so for his usual duties.' If the eldest son of the clan is guilty and lives in another country, and the son of a concubine is a senior official, the prayer is: 'The filial son so-and-so will ask the Jie son so-and-so to perform his usual duties.' The host does not tire of offering sacrifices, does not travel, does not borrow, does not appease the sacrifice, and does not match. He lays out offerings to the guests, and the guests offer but do not raise them, and do not return the meat. He says to the guests, 'My elder brother, younger brother, and eldest son of the clan are in another country, so I am leaving.'" Zengzi asked, "When the eldest son of the clan is away in another country, can the son of a concubine live without a title offer sacrifices?" Confucius said, "Yes!" Please ask, "How should they offer sacrifices?" Confucius said, "Build an altar in front of the tomb and offer sacrifices at the right time. If the eldest son of the clan dies, inform the tomb and then offer sacrifices at home. When the eldest son of the clan dies, he is called by name without mentioning filial piety, and his body is gone. Ziyou and his followers, who have concubines' sons, offer sacrifices in this way, as if it is righteousness. Today's sacrificers do not put their righteousness first, so they accuse the sacrifice. Zengzi asked: "Is there a corpse in the sacrifice? Is it also okay to offer sacrifices with abstentions?" Confucius said: "When offering sacrifices to the deceased, there must be a corpse, and the corpse must be a grandson. If the grandson is young, let someone hold it. If there is no grandson, it is okay to take someone of the same surname. Offering sacrifices to the deceased must be with abstentions, which means it is not successful. Offering sacrifices to the deceased but without a corpse is a sacrifice of the deceased." Confucius said: "There are Yin abstentions and Yang abstentions." Zengzi asked: "The deceased is not offered sacrifices with abstentions, what is Yin abstentions and Yang abstentions?" Confucius said: "The eldest son dies because of the deceased, and the concubine's son does not become his successor. The auspicious sacrifices are special sacrifices. When offering sacrifices to the deceased, there is no offering of sacrifices, no shavings, no dark wine, and no announcement of the benefits. This is called Yin abstentions. In case of death and death, and those who have no descendants, sacrifices are offered at the home of the eldest son of the clan, with the white of the room in the east room as the sacrifice. This is called Yangyan.
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