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During the time of Duke Ding of Zhulou, someone killed his father. When the officials reported this, the Duke suddenly dropped his seat and said, "This is my fault." He said, "I have learned how to judge this case: if a minister kills the king, all officials will be killed without mercy; if a son kills his father, all palace officials will be killed without mercy. Kill the person, destroy his house, flood his palace and make pigs. It will take more than a month for the king to be promoted."
Huannan County and Dao Yao talked about Lao Tzu, and Wang Shizhong was sitting in the master's book.
The death of the emperor is called Beng, the death of the princes is called Hong, the death of the officials is called Zu, the death of the scholars is called Bulu, and the death of the common people is called Si. The body on the bed is called Shi, and the body in the coffin is called Ju. Feathered birds are called Jiang, and four-legged birds are called Zi. Dead bandits are called Bing.
The dukes have wives, wives, wives, and concubines. The lady calls herself the old woman to the emperor; she calls herself the widowed young monarch to the princes; she calls herself the little boy to her monarch. From the wives below, they call themselves the maid. The son calls himself the name to his parents.
Morality, benevolence and righteousness cannot be achieved without propriety, and teaching and correcting customs cannot be achieved without propriety. When resolving disputes, do not make the decision without proper etiquette. The relationship between the ruler and his subjects, father and son, and brothers cannot be determined without propriety. When an official studies or serves a teacher, he should not be close to him without proper etiquette. When Ban Chao governs the army and takes office to enforce the law, he must act with propriety and dignity. Praying to temples and offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods are not polite, sincere or solemn. Therefore, a gentleman is respectful, frugal, and yielding in order to show courtesy. Parrots can speak, but they are still birds; orangutans can speak, but they are still animals. People nowadays are rude, even if they can speak, don’t they have the heart of beasts? Only animals are so undisciplined that fathers and sons live together. Therefore, the sages created rituals to teach people. Teach people to be polite and know how to distinguish themselves from animals.
The two Dun of the You Yu Dynasty, the four Lian of the Xia Dynasty, the six Hu of the Yin Dynasty, the eight Gui of the Zhou Dynasty. The You Yu Dynasty used the 梡, the Xia Dynasty used the 嶡, the Yin used the 椇, and the Zhou used the 房 zu. The Xia Dynasty used the 楬 豆, the Yin used the 玉 豆, and the Zhou used the 献 豆. The You Yu Dynasty used the 韨, the Xia Dynasty used the 山, the Yin used the 火, and the Zhou used the 龙章. The You Yu Dynasty sacrificed the head, the Xia Dynasty sacrificed the heart, the Yin sacrificed the liver, and the Zhou sacrificed the lung. The Xia Dynasty valued the bright water, the Yin valued the 冴, and the Zhou valued the wine. Youyu clan had 50 officials, Xiahou clan had 100 officials, Yin had 200 officials, Zhou Zhou had 300 officials. Youyu clan had Sui, Xiahou clan had Silk, Yin had Chongya, Zhou had Bi and Shu.
Zengzi asked, "When the burial leads to the grave, if the sun is eclipsed, will there be changes? Or not?" Confucius said, "In the past, I followed Lao Dan to help with the burial in Xiangdang. When we reached the grave, the sun was eclipsed. Lao Dan said, 'Qiu! Stop the coffin, stand on the right side of the road, stop crying and wait for changes.' After daybreak, he turned back and went on. He said, 'It is the etiquette.' When the burial was reversed, Qiu asked, 'The coffin cannot be reversed. If the sun is eclipsed, how can we go if we don't know how late it will be?' Lao Dan said, 'The princes go to the emperor's court, and leave the sacrifice at the sun; the officials go to the emperor's court, and leave the sacrifice at the sun. The coffin does not leave early and does not stay late. Only criminals and those who go to the funeral of their parents go on the journey when they see the stars! The sun is eclipsed, how do you know that the stars are not visible? Moreover, a gentleman practices etiquette and does not take people's relatives as his concern. 'I heard Lao Dan say this.
The Son of Heaven is equal to Heaven and Earth. Therefore, virtue matches heaven and earth, and benefits all things. It is as bright as the sun and the moon, illuminating the four seas without leaving out the small. In the court, the order of benevolence, holiness, propriety and righteousness is followed; in banquets, the music of Ya and Song is listened to; when walking, there is the sound of rings and pendants; when riding in a car, there is the sound of phoenixes and harmonious birds. There is propriety in residence, and there is moderation in advance and retreat. All officials are in their proper place, and all things are in their proper order. The Book of Songs says: "A virtuous man and a gentleman, his etiquette is not wrong. If his etiquette is not wrong, it will be the right way for the four countries." This is what it means. When the people are pleased with orders and decrees, it is called harmony; when the upper and lower are close to each other, it is called benevolence; when the people get what they want without asking for it, it is called trust; and when the harm of heaven and earth is removed, it is called righteousness. Righteousness and trustworthiness, harmony and benevolence are the tools of a hegemon. If there is the intention to govern the people but there is no tool, it will not work.
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